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The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.[1]West Germany ratified the convention on 23 August 1976, making the Federal Republic's historical sites eligible for inclusion on the list.[2]

German sites were first inscribed on the World Heritage List in UNESCO's 2nd Session in 1978 with Aachen Cathedral.[3]

There are 46 official UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites in Germany, 43 cultural and 3 natural, with one additional previous site struck from the list. In addition, there are 17 German entries in the Memory of the World Programme.

Location of sites[edit]

Location of World Heritage Sites within Germany[2]

World Heritage Sites in Germany[edit]

UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, whereas vii through x are natural.[4]

* Shared with another nation
SiteImageLocationCriteriaYearDescription
Aachen CathedralGermanyAachen,
Germany
50°46′28″N6°5′4″E / 50.77444°N 6.08444°E		Cultural:
(i), (ii),
(iv), (vi)		1978[3]An iconic feat of architecture that sparked copies around Germany for centuries to come, Aachen's cathedral became the first-built vaulted structure since antiquity. The town itself was closely tied to Charlemagne during the cathedral's inception, which explains why it became his burial place when he died in 814.[5]
Abbey and Altenmünster of LorschGermanyLorsch,
Germany
49°39′13.284″N8°34′6.888″E / 49.65369000°N 8.56858000°E		Cultural:
(iii), (iv)		1991The abbey and gate or 'Torhall', are from the Carolingian era. The notable Carolingian sculptures and paintings are still in good condition.[6]
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and BernauGermanyDessau, Weimar and Bernau bei Berlin
Germany
50°58′29.172″N11°19′46.164″E / 50.97477000°N 11.32949000°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv), (vi)		1996Founded in 1919 in Weimar, the Bauhaus was the most influential art school of the 20th century. The buildings designed by the masters of the Bauhaus are fundamental representatives of Classical Modernism. The joint heritage site includes the Bauhaus school buildings in Weimar and the Haus am Horn, Weimar; the Bauhaus Dessau building, the Meisterhäuser (where senior staff lived)[7] and the Laubenganghäuser ('Houses with Balcony Access')[8]; and the ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau bei Berlin.[9]
Bergpark WilhelmshöheGermanyKassel,
Germany
51°18′57″N9°23′35″E / 51.31583°N 9.39306°E		Cultural:
(iii), (iv)		2013Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe is the largest European hillside park, and second largest park on a mountain slope in the world. Its waterworks along with the towering Hercules statue constitute an expression of the ideals of absolutist Monarchy while the ensemble is a remarkable testimony to the aesthetics of the Baroque and Romantic periods.[10]
Berlin Modernist Housing EstatesGermanyBerlin,
Germany
52°26′54″N13°26′59.9″E / 52.44833°N 13.449972°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		2008The property consists of six housing estates from 1910 to 1933. It is an example of the building reform movement that contributed to improved housing and living conditions for people with low incomes. The estates also showcase a number of new designs, decoration and layouts. The lessons learned here were applied on other projects around the world. Some of the notable architects on these house were; Bruno Taut, Martin Wagner and Walter Gropius.[11]
Carolingian Westwork and Civitas CorveyGermanyHöxter,
Germany
51°46′41.1″N9°24′34.1″E / 51.778083°N 9.409472°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv)		2014Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey were erected between AD 822 and 885 in a largely preserved rural setting. The Westwork is the only standing structure that dates back to the Carolingian era, while the original imperial abbey complex is preserved as archaeological remains that are only partially excavated. The Westwork of Corvey uniquely illustrates one of the most important Carolingian architectural expressions.[12]
Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at BrühlGermanyBrühl, North Rhine-Westphalia,
Germany
50°49′30.1″N6°54′35.2″E / 50.825028°N 6.909778°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		1984Augustusburg Castle, the residence of the prince-archbishops of Cologne, and the Falkenlust hunting lodge are both examples of early German Rococo architecture.[13]
Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian JuraGermanyBaden-Württemberg,
Germany
Coordinates:
48°23'16.0'N 9°45'56.0'E
48°32'56.0'N 10°10'32.0'E 		Cultural:
(iii)		2017Modern humans first arrived in Europe 43,000 years ago during the last ice age. One of the areas where they took up residence was the Swabian Jura in southern Germany. Excavated from the 1860s, six caves have revealed items dating from 43,000 to 33,000 years ago.[14]
City Hall and Roland in Bremen market squareGermanyBremen,
Germany
53°4′33.5″N8°48′26.9″E / 53.075972°N 8.807472°E		Cultural:
(iii), (iv), (vi)		2004The site consists of the city hall and the statue of Roland that stands near it. The city hall was built in the 15th century when Bremen joined the Hanseatic League. It was renovated in the 17th century, and a new city hall was built nearby in the early 20th. Under the Holy Roman Empire, Bremen had extensive autonomy that allowed the town to grow and made the city hall a center of power. Both the old and new city halls survived bombings during World War II. The statue of Roland was built in 1404. It stands 5.5 m (18 ft) high.[15]
Classical WeimarGermanyThuringia,
Germany
50°58′39″N11°19′42.996″E / 50.97750°N 11.32861000°E		Cultural:
(iii), (vi)		1998Weimar became a cultural center in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Among the many artists and writers, the city was home to Goethe and Schiller. During this same period elegant buildings and parks were built in Weimar.[16]
Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of QuedlinburgGermanyHarz,
Germany
51°46′59.988″N11°9′0″E / 51.78333000°N 11.15000°E		Cultural:
(iv)		1994The preservation of old Quedlinberg allows tourists to see 16th- and 17th-century timber-framed houses and walk down medieval-patterned streets, while the Romanesque castle and cathedral, housing the bodies of Henry I and his wife, tower over the town.[17]
Cologne CathedralGermanyCologne,
Germany
50°56′28″N6°57′26″E / 50.94111°N 6.95722°E		Cultural:
(i), (ii), (iv)		1996While work on the Cologne Cathedral began in 1248, it remained incomplete until the Prussians picked up the task centuries later, finishing the job in 1880. It was heavily bombed in the Second World War, but restorations allowed it to become the most visited landmark in Germany, boasting 6.5 million visitors per year as of 2011.[18][19]
Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining RegionGermanySaxony, Germany and
Czech Republic
Germany
Czech Republic
50°24′23″N12°50′14″E / 50.40639°N 12.83722°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		2019The mountains in south-east Germany and north-west Czechia have been a source of metals including silver, tin and uranium beginning in the 12th century. The cultural landscape of the region was shaped by mining and smelting innovations.[20]
Fagus Factory in AlfeldGermanyAlfeld,
Germany
51°59′1″N9°48′40″E / 51.98361°N 9.81111°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		2011Built by Walter Gropius in 1910, the factory designed to manufacture shoe last was renowned for redefining decorative values of the time period, particularly in the wide use of glass to render the building much more homogeneous, which foreshadowed his later work with the Bauhaus.[21]
Frontiers of the Roman EmpireGermanyCentral Lowlands,
Northern England,
and Southern Germany
Germany*
United Kingdom*
54°59′33.4″N2°36′3.6″W / 54.992611°N 2.601000°W		Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv)		1987Hadrian's Wall was built in 122 AD and the Antonine Wall was constructed in 142 AD to defend the Roman Empire from 'barbarians'.[22] The World Heritage Site was previously listed as Hadrian's Wall alone, but was later expanded to include all the frontiers of the Roman Empire at its zenith in the 2nd century, ranging from Antonine's Wall in the north to Trajan's Wall in eastern Europe.[23]
Garden Kingdom of Dessau-WörlitzGermanySaxony-Anhalt,
Germany
51°50′33″N12°25′14.988″E / 51.84250°N 12.42083000°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		2000'The Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz is an outstanding example of the application of the philosophical principles of the Age of the Enlightenment to the design of a landscape that integrates art, education and economy in a harmonious whole.'[24]
Hanseatic City of LübeckGermanySchleswig-Holstein,
Germany
53°52′0.012″N10°41′30.012″E / 53.86667000°N 10.69167000°E		Cultural:
(iv)		1987Lübeck was the trading capital of the influential Hanseatic League, which monopolised trade in much of the Northern Europe. Although a fifth of the city was entirely destroyed in World War II, much of the original 12th-century architecture remains.[25]
Historic Centres of Stralsund and WismarGermanyMecklenburg-Vorpommern,
Germany
54°18′9″N13°5′7″E / 54.30250°N 13.08528°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		2002The two towns were major Hanseatic League trading centres in the 14th and 15th centuries. They then served as defensive and administrative centres for Sweden two hundred years later, notably during the Thirty Years' War. The architectural styles from both of these periods remain and are well-preserved.[26]
Luther Memorials in Eisleben and WittenbergGermanySaxony-Anhalt,
Germany
51°51′52.992″N12°39′10.008″E / 51.86472000°N 12.65278000°E		Cultural:
(iv), (vi)		1996
Margravial Opera House BayreuthGermanyBayreuth, Bavaria
Germany
49°56′40″N11°34′43″E / 49.94444°N 11.57861°E		Cultural:
(i), (iv)		2012
Maulbronn Monastery ComplexGermanyMaulbronn,
Germany
49°0′2.988″N8°48′47.016″E / 49.00083000°N 8.81306000°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		1993The Cistercian Maulbronn Monastery is considered the most complete and best-preserved medieval monastic complex north of the Alps. The main buildings were constructed between the 12th and 16th centuries, along with the monastery walls. The monastery's church, mainly in Transitional Gothic style, helped spread the Gothic style across northern and central Europe. The monastery also had a large, elaborate water-management system.[27]
Messel Pit Fossil SiteGermanyMessel,
Germany
49°55′0.012″N8°45′14.004″E / 49.91667000°N 8.75389000°E		Natural:
(viii)		1995Messel Pit is the richest site in the world for understanding the environment of the Eocene, between 57 million and 36 million years ago. In particular, it shows the early stages of mammalian evolution and includes exceptionally well-preserved mammal fossils. Some of the most notable discoveries include fully articulated skeletons and the contents of the stomachs of animals.[28]
Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management SystemGermanyGoslar,
Upper Harz,
Germany
51°49′12″N10°20′24″E / 51.82000°N 10.34000°E		Cultural:
(i), (ii),
(iii), (iv)		1992The Upper Harz water management system was developed over a period of some 800 years to assist in mining and extracting ore. The mines and their ponds began under the Cistercian monks in the Middle Ages. However, most of the works were built from the end of the 16th century until the 19th century. It is made up of an extremely complex system of artificial ponds, small channels, tunnels and underground drains. The mines were a major site for mining innovation in the western world.[29]
Monastic Island of ReichenauGermanyBaden-Württemberg,
Germany
47°41′55.4″N9°3′40.7″E / 47.698722°N 9.061306°E		Cultural:
(iii), (iv), (vi)		2000The site includes traces of the Benedictine monastery, founded in 724, which exercised remarkable spiritual, intellectual and artistic influence throughout the surrounding region. The churches of St Mary and Marcus, St Peter and St Paul, and St George, were mainly built between the 9th and 11th centuries. Their wall paintings and decorations show an impressive artistic activity.[30]
Museumsinsel (Museum Island), BerlinGermanyBerlin,
Germany
52°31′11″N13°23′55″E / 52.51972°N 13.39861°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		1999The five museums on the Museumsinsel in Berlin, built between 1824 and 1930, are a unified but diverse collection of museum collections and buildings. Each museum was built to mesh with the collection and represents the aesthetic of the different times. The collections trace the development of civilizations throughout the ages.[31]
Muskauer Park / Park MużakowskiPolandUpper Lusatia,
Germany*
Poland*
51°34′45.5″N14°43′35.2″E / 51.579306°N 14.726444°E		Cultural:
(i), (iv)		2004A landscaped park astride the Neisse River and the border between Poland and Germany, it was created by Prince Hermann von Puckler-Muskau from 1815 to 1844. Designed as a ‘painting with plants’, it used local plants to enhance the existing landscape. The park spreads into the town of Muskau with parks and other green spaces. The site also features a reconstructed castle, bridges and an arboretum.[32]
Naumburg CathedralGermanyNaumburg,
Germany
51°9′17″N11°48′14″E / 51.15472°N 11.80389°E		Cultural:
(i), (ii)		2018[33]
Old Town of Regensburg with StadtamhofGermanyRegensburg,
Germany
49°1′14″N12°5′57″E / 49.02056°N 12.09917°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iii), (iv)		2006This medieval town contains many notable buildings that span almost two millennia and include ancient Roman, Romanesque and Gothic buildings. Regensburg’s 11th- to 13th-century architecture created a town of narrow lanes flanked by tall buildings. It includes medieval patrician houses and towers, a large number of churches and monasteries as well as the 12th-century Stone Bridge. Regensburg was a European trade center in the Middle Ages and a political center of the Holy Roman Empire that turned to Protestantism.[34]
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and BerlinGermanyBerlin, Potsdam,
Germany
52°23′59″N13°1′59″E / 52.39972°N 13.03306°E		Cultural:
(i), (ii), (iv)		1990This site contains 500 ha (1,200 acres) of parks and 150 buildings constructed between 1730 and 1916. It extends into the district of Berlin-Zehlendorf, with the palaces and parks lining the banks of the River Havel and Lake Glienicke. Voltaire stayed at the Sans-Souci Palace, built under Frederick II between 1745 and 1747.[35]
Pilgrimage Church of WiesGermanySteingaden,
Germany
47°40′52.6″N10°54′0.5″E / 47.681278°N 10.900139°E		Cultural:
(i), (iii)		1983The Church of Wies (1745–54) is the work of architect Dominikus Zimmermann and is a masterpiece of the Bavarian Rococo.[36]
Prehistoric pile dwellings around the AlpsAustriaAustria*,
France*,
Germany*,
Italy*,
Slovenia*,
Switzerland*
47°16′42″N8°12′27″E / 47.27833°N 8.20750°E		Cultural:
(iv), (v)		2011Contains 111 small individual sites with the remains of prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements in and around the Alps built from around 5000 to 500 B.C. on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands. While only some of the sites have been excavated, they contain a wealth of information on life and trade in agrarian Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures in Alpine Europe. Fifty-six of the sites are located in Switzerland.[37]
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of GermanyGermanyGermany*,
Slovakia*,
Ukraine*
49°5′10″N22°32′10″E / 49.08611°N 22.53611°E		Natural:
(ix)		2007Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians, are used to study the spread of the beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) in the Northern Hemisphere across a variety of environments and the environment in the forest. The addition of the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany in 2011 included five forests totaling 4,391 hectares (10,850 acres) that are added to the 29,278 hectares (72,350 acres) of Slovakian and Ukrainian beech forests inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2007.[38]
Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in TrierGermanyTrier,
Germany
49°45′0″N6°37′59″E / 49.75000°N 6.63306°E		Cultural:
(i), (iii),
(iv), (vi)		1986The Roman colony at Trier was founded in the 1st century AD. It grew into a major town and became one of the capitals of the Tetrarchy at the end of the 3rd century. Many of the Roman era structures are still standing in Trier. The cathedral is the oldest church in Germany, being built on the ruins of Roman buildings by Maximin of Trier in 329-346.[39]
Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus DistrictGermanyHamburg,
Germany
53°32′53.9″N10°00′10.5″E / 53.548306°N 10.002917°E		Cultural:
(iv)		2015Speicherstadt and the adjacent Kontorhaus district are two densely built urban areas in the centre of the port city of Hamburg. Speicherstadt, originally developed on a group of narrow islands in the Elbe River between 1885 and 1927, was partly rebuilt from 1949 to 1967. It is one of the largest coherent historic ensembles of port warehouses in the world.[40]
Speyer CathedralGermanySpeyer,
Germany
49°19′0″N8°26′35″E / 49.31667°N 8.44306°E		Cultural:
(ii)		1981The romanesque Speyer Cathedral, was founded by Conrad II in 1030 and remodelled at the end of the 11th century. It was one of the grandest romanesque cathedrals in the Holy Roman Empire and the burial place of German emperors for almost 300 years.[41]
St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at HildesheimGermanyHildesheim,
Germany
52°9′10.008″N9°56′38.004″E / 52.15278000°N 9.94389000°E		Cultural:
(i), (ii), (iii)		1985The site consists of two churches in Hildesheim. The Ottonianromanesque St Michael's Church was built between 1010 and 1020. Inside it is decorated with a notable wooden ceiling, painted stucco-work, and the Bernward Column. The treasures of the Romanesque Hildesheim Cathedral contain the Bernward Doors, the Hezilo chandelier, the Azelin chandelier and other treasures.[42]
The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern MovementStuttgart, Germany
Germany*,
Argentina*,
Belgium*,
France*,
India*,
Japan*,
Switzerland*
N46 28 6.29 E6 49 45.61		Cultural:
(i), (ii), (vi)		2016Chosen from the work of Le Corbusier, the 17 sites comprising this transnational serial property are spread over seven countries and are a testimonial to the invention of a new architectural language that made a break with the past. They were built over a period of a half-century, in the course of what Le Corbusier described as “patient research”. The Complexe du Capitole in Chandigarh (India), the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo (Japan), the House of Dr Curutchet in La Plata (Argentina) and the Unité d’habitation in Marseille (France) reflect the solutions that the Modern Movement sought to apply during the 20thcentury to the challenges of inventing new architectural techniques to respond to the needs of society. These masterpieces of creative genius also attest to the internationalization of architectural practice across the planet.[43]
Town of BambergGermanyBamberg,
Germany
49°53′30″N10°53′20″E / 49.89167°N 10.88889°E		Cultural:
(ii)(iv)		1993In 1007, Bamberg became the center of a dioesce that was intended to help spread Christianity to the Slavs. During the 12th century the Bishops of Bamberg began a program of monumental public construction. The architecture that developed influenced construction in northern Germany and Hungary. In the 18th century it became a center of the Enlightenment when writers such as Hegel and Hoffmann settled in the town.[44]
Upper Middle Rhine ValleyGermanyRhineland-Palatinate,
Hesse,
Germany
50°10′25″N7°41′39″E / 50.17361°N 7.69417°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv), (v)		2002A 65 km (40 mi) stretch of the Middle Rhine Valley in Germany. The region is home to many castles, historic towns and vineyards and has been an inspirition for many writers, artists and composers.[45]
Völklingen IronworksGermanyVölklingen,
Germany
49°14′39.984″N6°50′59″E / 49.24444000°N 6.84972°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		1994The recently closed ironworks are the only intact example in western Europe and North America of an intact ironworks built in the 19th and 20th centuries.[46]
The Wadden SeaGermanyDenmark*,
Germany*,
Netherlands*
53°31′43″N8°33′22″E / 53.52861°N 8.55611°E		Natural:
(viii), (ix), (x)		2009, 2011, 2014The Wadden Sea contains the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein. The coast line is generally flat and has may mudflats, marshes and dunes. The site covers two-thirds of the entire Wadden Sea and is home to many plant and animal species. It is a breeding ground for up to 12 millions birds annually and supports more than 10 percent of the population of 29 species. Was expanded in 2011 to include the German Wadden Sea National Park of Hamburg and in 2014 to include the Danish part of the Wadden Sea.[47]
Wartburg CastleGermanyEisenach,
Germany
50°58′0.4″N10°18′25.2″E / 50.966778°N 10.307000°E		Cultural:
(iii), (vi)		1999Wartburg Castle is located on a 410 m (1230 ft) precipice above Eisenach. It expanded in several sections and only a few of the medieval structures still remain. The castle was rebuilt in the 19th century to its present appearance. Martin Luther translated the New Testament into German while in exile at Wartburg.[48]
Water Management System of AugsburgGermanyAugsburg,
Germany
48°21′56″N10°54′07″E / 48.36556°N 10.90194°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iv)		2019The water systems of Augsburg were built between the 14th century and today. A network of canals, water towers, pumping equipment and hydroelectric power stations have provided drinking water and power for the city for centuries.[49]
Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence SquareGermanyWürzburg,
Germany
49°47′34.008″N9°56′20.004″E / 49.79278000°N 9.93889000°E		Cultural:
(i), (iv)		1981The large and ornate Baroque palace was created under the patronage of the prince-bishops Lothar Franz and Friedrich Carl von Schönborn. It is one of the largest palaces in Germany.[50]
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial ComplexGermanyEssen,
Germany
51°29′29″N7°2′46″E / 51.49139°N 7.04611°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iii)		2001The Zollverein industrial complex in Nordrhein-Westfalen contains all the equipment of a historic coal mine which started operation about 150 years ago. Some of the 20th century buildings are also notable.[51]
Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the DanevirkeGermanySchleswig, Schleswig-Holstein,
Germany
54°29′28″N9°33′55″E / 54.49111°N 9.56528°E		Cultural:
(iii), (iv)		2018Hedeby was an important settlement of Danish Vikings and Swedish Varangians. It is considered an early medieval city in northern Europe and was an important trading place and main hub for long-distance trade between Scandinavia, western Europe, the North Sea region and the Baltic States.

The Danevirke is a fortification of the early and high Middle Ages in northern Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It consists of earth walls with moats, a brick wall, two medieval wall castles and a sea barrier.[52]

Tentative list[edit]

The tentative list consists of sites previously nominated, but not yet inscribed.[53]

1999KHeidelberg Castle and historical townOne of Germany's most famous castle ruinsOn its 31st session in Christchurch, New Zealand, on 29 June 2007, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee remitted the request to include Heidelberg in the list of World Heritage Sites for the second time after 2005. A new attempt of filing for inclusion is yet unclear.
1999KSchwetzingen CastleSummer residence of Counts Palatine of the RhineCharles Philip and Charles TheodorOn the 36th session in June/July 2012 in St. Petersburg, the request was remitted to the applicant. A new request is unclear.
1999KFrancke Foundations in Halle an der SaaleEstablished in 1698 by theologian and educator August Hermann Francke as cultural, scientific, educational and social institutionsThe inclusion into the list is to be decided in 2016/17.
2005KDoberan MinsterImportant monastery in the Baltic Sea region including a complete high gothic interior;was already on the list of proposal of East Germany in 1984, active ambitions for nomination by the town of Bad Doberan since 2005, request for inclusion in the German list of proposals in 2012 filed at the Kultusministerkonferenz[54]
2015KSchwerin CastleThe Schwerin ducal residence as a prime example of romantic historicismParliamentary vote of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in 2007 to achieve a nomination, request for inclusion in the German list of proposals filed at Kultusministerkonferenz in June 2012[55]
2011KMonuments and sites of the Vikings – Danevirke and HedebyInternational application
2014KGreat Spas of Europe, including Baden-Baden, Bad Ems, Bad Kissingen and Wiesbaden.International application
2015KJewish Cemetery ofAltona Königstraße, in Hamburg.
2015NAlpine and pre-alpine meadow and marsh landscapes of “Werdenfelser Land”, “Ammergau”, “Staffelseegebiet” and “Murnauer Moos”, district Garmisch-Partenkirchen
2015KShUM cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz
2015KOld Synagogue and Mikveh in ErfurtApplication to have three sites – the Old Synagogue, Mikveh and 'Stone House' – dating from the 11th–14th centuries, listed together as one site. All three structures are near each other in the medieval town centre of Erfurt, but not adjacent. The Synagogue is one of oldest and best preserved in Europe.[56]
2015KDarmstadt Artists’ Colony Mathildenhöhe
2015KDreams in Stone – the palaces of King Ludwig II of Bavaria: Neuschwanstein, Linderhof and Herrenchiemsee
2015KLuther memorials in Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and ThuringiaAn application to have 11 additional sites added to the already inscribed (in 1996) 'Luther sites in Central Germany'[57]
2015Frontiers of the Roman Empire

in Bavaria

International application with Austria

Former site[edit]

One site has been struck from the list.

Konjunktiv 2 german
SiteImageLocationCriteriaYearDescription
Dresden Elbe ValleyGermanySaxony,
Germany
51°2′24″N13°49′16″E / 51.04000°N 13.82111°E		Cultural:
(ii), (iii),
(iv), (v)		2004–2009The Elbe flows through a range of culturally relevant landscapes in Saxony, including rural villages, former palace grounds, and the historic old town of Dresden. The site was removed from the list due to concerns about the construction of the Waldschlösschen Bridge.[58]

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

  • Wonders of World Heritage – A DW Guide to all German sites (8 different routes)

References[edit]

  1. ^'The World Heritage Convention'. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  2. ^ ab'Germany — Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List'. UNESCO. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  3. ^ ab'UNESCO Final Report for the 2nd Session'. UNESCO. 9 October 1978. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  4. ^'UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The Criteria for Selection'. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  5. ^'Aachen Cathedral'. UNESCO. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  6. ^'Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch'. UNESCO. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  7. ^Bauhaus Dessau. Meisterhäuser von Walter Gropius (1925–26). Retrieved 23 November 2018
  8. ^Bauhaus Dessau. Laubenganghäuser von Hannes Meyer (1929–30). Retrieved 23 November 2018
  9. ^'Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau'. UNESCO. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  10. ^'Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe'. UNESCO. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  11. ^'Berlin Modernism Housing Estates'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  12. ^'Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey'. UNESCO. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  13. ^'Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl'. UNESCO. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  14. ^'CCaves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura'. UNESCO. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  15. ^'Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen'. UNESCO. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  16. ^'Classical Weimar'. UNESCO. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  17. ^'Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg'. UNESCO. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  18. ^'Cologne Cathedral Number 1 Attraction'(PDF) (Press release). Cologne Tourist Board. 19 January 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
  19. ^'Cologne Cathedral'. UNESCO. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  20. ^'Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region'. UNESCO. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  21. ^'Fagus Factory in Alfeld'. UNESCO. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  22. ^'Frontiers of the Roman Empire'. UNESCO. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  23. ^'World Heritage List'. UNESCO. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  24. ^'Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz'. UNESCO. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  25. ^'Hanseatic City of Lübeck'. UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  26. ^'Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar'. UNESCO. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  27. ^'Maulbronn Monastery Complex'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  28. ^'Messel Pit Fossil Site'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  29. ^'Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  30. ^'Monastic Island of Reichenau'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  31. ^'Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  32. ^'Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  33. ^'Naumburg Cathedral'. UNESCO. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  34. ^'Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  35. ^'Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin'. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
  36. ^'Pilgrimage Church of Wies'. UNESCO. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  37. ^'Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps'. UNESCO. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  38. ^'Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany'. UNESCO. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  39. ^'Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier'. UNESCO. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  40. ^'Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus'. UNESCO. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  41. ^'Speyer Cathedral'. UNESCO. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  42. ^'St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim'. UNESCO. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  43. ^'The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement'. UNESCO. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  44. ^'Town of Bamberg'. UNESCO. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  45. ^'Upper Middle Rhine Valley'. UNESCO. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  46. ^'Völklingen Ironworks'. UNESCO. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  47. ^'The Wadden Sea'. UNESCO. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  48. ^'Wartburg Castle'. UNESCO. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  49. ^'Water Management System of Augsburg'. UNESCO. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  50. ^'Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square'. UNESCO. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  51. ^'Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen'. UNESCO. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  52. ^'Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke'. UNESCO. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  53. ^'Tentative Lists'. World Heritage Center. Unesco. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  54. ^'Landtag Mecklenburg-Vorpommern – Plenarprotokoll' [Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Parliament – Plenary Debate Transcript] (PDF) (in German) (6/17). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Parliament. 23 May 2012: 69.
  55. ^'Mitte Juni Antrag bei der Kultusministerkonferenz eingereicht. Schweriner Schlossensemble UNESCO-Welterbe?' [World Heritage Request for Schwerin Castle filed in mid-June. Schwerin Castle now a UNESCO World Heritage?] (in German). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Parliament. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  56. ^Permanent Delegation of Germany to UNESCO (2015) Old synagogue and Mikveh in Erfurt – UNESCO world heritage centre (Accessed: 04 June 2017).
  57. ^Luther memorials in Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Thuringia. UNESCO website Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  58. ^'Dresden Elbe Valley'. UNESCO. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany&oldid=907758598'

German culture has spanned the entire German-speaking world.[citation needed] From its roots, culture in Germany has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker (the country of poets and thinkers).[1]

There are a number of public holidays in Germany. The country is particularly known for its traditional Oktoberfest celebrations in Munich, its carnival culture and globally influential Christmas customs known as Weihnachten.[2][3] 3 October has been the national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the German Unity Day (Tag der Deutschen Einheit). The UNESCO inscribed 38 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List.[4]

Germany was the world's second most respected nation among 50 countries in 2013.[5] A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognized for having the most positive influence in the world in 2011, 2013, and 2014.[6][7][8]

Schloss Neuschwanstein, a symbol of German Romanticism (left) and Berlin, the center of creative industries (right)

Language[edit]

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.[9] It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission, along with English and French. Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Sorbian, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian. They are officially protected by the ECRML. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages, and Russian.

Spoken German in Goethe's Faust

Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Dutch, and the Frisian languages. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East (extinct) and North Germanic languages. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.[10] Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with Umlaut, namely ä, ö, and ü, as well as the Eszett or scharfes S (sharp s) which is written 'ß'. German orthography has gone through a series of reforms, the most recent in 1996.

World War 2 German Tanks

German dialects are distinguished from varieties of standard German. German dialects are traditional local varieties and can be traced back to the different German tribes. Many of them are not easily understandable to a speaker of standard German, since they often differ in lexicon, phonology, and syntax.

Around the world, German has approximately 100 million native speakers and also about 80 million non-native speakers.[11] German is the main language of about 90 million people (18%) in the EU. 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language, 27% in at least two languages other than their first.[9]

In the German diaspora, aspects of German culture are passed on to younger generations through naming customs and through the use of spoken and written German. The Goethe Institute seeks the spread the knowledge of German culture worldwide.

Literature[edit]

German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages, with the most notable authors of the period being Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach.The Nibelungenlied, whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch, as is the Thidrekssaga. The fairy tales collections collected and published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century became famous throughout the world.

Theologian Luther, who translated the Bible into German, is widely credited for having set the basis for the modern 'High German' language. Among the most admired German poets and authors are Lessing, Goethe, Schiller, Kleist, Hoffmann, Brecht, Heine and Schmidt. Nine Germans have won the Nobel Prize in literature: Theodor Mommsen, Paul von Heyse, Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Nelly Sachs, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, and Herta Müller.

Johann Wolfgang v. Goethe
(1749–1832)		Friedrich Schiller
(1759–1805)		Brothers Grimm
(1785–1863)		Thomas Mann
(1875–1955)		Hermann Hesse
(1877–1962)

Philosophy[edit]

Philosopher Immanuel Kant

The rise of the modern natural sciences and the related decline of religion raised a series of questions, which recur throughout German philosophy, concerning the relationships between knowledge and faith, reason and emotion, and scientific, ethical, and artistic ways of seeing the world.

German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Marx and Engels developed communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Elias, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Marcuse, Simmel, Tönnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities.

In the 21st century Germany has been an important country for the development of contemporary analytic philosophy in continental Europe, along with France, Austria, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries.[12]

Music[edit]

Ludwig van Beethoven was an influential German composer and pianist

In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world, including Bach and Beethoven, who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. Also, Germans developed many Lutheran chorales and hymns.

Other composers of the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, Händel, Schumann, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently, Henze, Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.

Germany is the largest music market in Europe, and third largest in the world.[13] It has exerted a strong influence on techno and rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artists such as Herbert Grönemeyer, Scorpions, Blind Guardian, Rammstein, Nena, Xavier Naidoo, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. German musicians, and particularly the pioneering bands Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk, have also contributed to the development of electronic music.[14][15]

Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein

German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle (Nena, Alphaville), Ostrock (City, Keimzeit), Metal/Rock, Punk (Nina Hagen, Böhse Onkelz, Die Ärzte, Die Toten Hosen), Pop rock (Beatsteaks), Indie (Tocotronic, Blumfeld) and Hip Hop (Die Fantastischen Vier, Deichkind). A global trendsetter is the German Minimal and Techno scene (e.g. Ricardo Villalobos, Paul Kalkbrenner and Sven Vath).

Germany hosts many large rock music festivals every year. The Rock am Ring festival is the largest music festival in Germany, and among the largest in the world. German artists also make up a large percentage of Industrial music acts, which is called Neue Deutsche Härte. Germany hosts some of the largest Goth scenes and festivals in the entire world, with events like Wave-Gotik-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival attracting up to 30,000 people. In addition, the country hosts Wacken Open Air, the biggest heavy metal open air festival in the world.

Since about 1970, Germany has once again had a thriving popular culture, now increasingly led by its reinstated capital Berlin, and a self-confident music and art scene. Germany is also very well known for its many renowned opera houses, such as Semperoper, Komische Oper Berlin and Munich State Theatre. Richard Wagner established the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.

One of the most famous composers of the international film business is Hans Zimmer.

Cinema[edit]

German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Austrian-based director Fritz Lang, who became a German citizen in 1926 and whose career flourished in the pre-war German film industry, is said to have been a major influence on Hollywood cinema. His silent movie Metropolis (1927) is referred to as the birth of modern Science Fiction movies.Founded in 1912, the Babelsberg Film Studio is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world.

In 1930, Josef von Sternberg directed The Blue Angel, which was the first major German sound film and it brought world fame to actress Marlene Dietrich.[16] Impressionist documentary Berlin: Symphony of a Great City, directed by Walter Ruttmann, is a prominent example of the city symphony genre. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics to film.[17]

The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin is one of Europe's large-scale film locations.

During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder put West German cinema back on the international stage with their often provocative films.[18]

More recently, films such as Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004), Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004), and Der Baader Meinhof Komplex (2008) have enjoyed international success.

The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to the German production Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum) in 1979, to Nowhere in Africa in 2002, and to Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) in 2007.[19] Among the most famous German actors are Marlene Dietrich, Klaus Kinski, Hanna Schygulla, Armin Mueller-Stahl, Jürgen Prochnow, Thomas Kretschmann, Til Schweiger and Daniel Brühl.

The Berlin Film Festival, held annually since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film festivals. An international jury places emphasis on representing films from all over the world and awards the winners with the Golden and Silver Bears.[20] The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every second year in the city of Berlin, where the European Film Academy (EFA) is located. The Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam are the oldest large-scale film studios in the world and a centre for international film production.

Media[edit]

The Frankfurt Book Fair in 2016

Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with 34,000,000 TV households.The many regional and national public broadcasters are organised in line with the federal political structure. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, and viewers can choose from a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. Pay-TV services have not become popular or successful while public TV broadcasters ZDF and ARD offer a range of digital-only channels.[21]

Germany is home to some of the world's largest media conglomerates, including Bertelsmann, the Axel Springer AG and ProSiebenSat.1 Media.

History

The German-speaking book publishers produce about 700,000,000 copies of books every year, with about 80,000 titles, nearly 60,000 of them new publications. Germany is in third place on international statistics after the English-speaking book market and the People's Republic of China.[22] The Frankfurt Book Fair is considered to be the most important book fair in the world for international deals and trading and has a tradition that spans over 500 years.

Many of Europe's best-selling newspapers and magazines are produced in Germany. The papers with the highest circulation are Die Zeit, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt, the largest magazines include Der Spiegel, Stern and Focus. The Bild is a tabloid and has the largest circulation of all German papers.[23]

Architecture[edit]

The Grand Hotel Heiligendamm, built as a seaside resort between 1793 and 1870.

Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, important precursors of Romanesque. The region[clarification needed] has also produced significant works in styles such as the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque.

The nation was particularly important in the early modern movement through the Deutscher Werkbund and the Bauhaus movement identified with Walter Gropius. The Nazis closed these movements and favoured a type of neo-classicism. Since World War II post-modern structures have been built. Since the reunification of Germany the trend has continued.

Art[edit]

German art has a long and distinguished tradition in the visual arts, from the earliest known work of figurative art to its current output of contemporary art.

Important German Renaissance painters include Albrecht Altdorfer, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Matthias Grünewald, Hans Holbein the Younger and the well-known Albrecht Dürer. The most important Baroque artists from Germany are Cosmas Damian Asam. Further artists are the painter Anselm Kiefer, romanticCaspar David Friedrich, the surrealistMax Ernst, the conceptualistJoseph Beuys, or Wolf Vostell or the neo-expressionistGeorg Baselitz.

Within modern day society, contemporary art is a large aspect of the culture. This large community draws in people from all around the world. There are around 500 galleries in Germany that caters to this modern form of art.[24]Art Cologne is a popular fair that displays contemporary art.

Religion[edit]

Picture of Benedict XVI.

59.4% of the German population belongs to Christian denominations: 30% are Roman Catholic, and 29% are affiliated with Protestantism[25] (the figures are known accurately because Germany imposes a church tax on those who disclose a religious affiliation).

Portrait of Martin Luther

The north and east are predominantly Protestant, the south and west predominantly Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the former East German states.[26] Germany was, at one point, almost in its entirety within the Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but was also the source of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther. During the Kulturkampf (from about 1872 to 1886) the government opposed the Catholic church.

Historically, Germany had a substantial Jewish population.[27] Only a few thousand people of Jewish origin remained in Germany after the Holocaust, but the German Jewish community now has about 100,000 members,[28] many from the former Soviet Union. Germany also has a substantial Muslim minority, most of whom are from Turkey.

German theologians include Luther, Melanchthon, Schleiermacher, Feuerbach, and Rudolf Otto. Germany was also the origin of many mystics, including Meister Eckhart, Rudolf Steiner, and Jakob Boehme; and of Pope Benedict XVI.

Science[edit]

Johannes Gutenberg started the Printing Revolution

Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg, who is credited with the invention of movable typeprinting in Europe; Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first computer.[29] German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Zeppelin, Daimler, Diesel, Otto, Wankel, von Braun and Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology including the beginnings of space travel.[30][31]

The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further.[32] They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.[33] The Walhalla temple for 'laudable and distinguished Germans' features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg, in Bavaria.[34][35]

Germany is home to some of the finest academic centers in Europe. Some famous universities are those of Munich and Berlin, University of Tübingen, University of Göttingen, University of Marburg, University of Berlin, Mining Academy Freiberg and Freiburg University, among many others. Moreover, the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg is one of the oldest universities in Europe.

Fashion and Design[edit]

Adidas shoes

German Culture Vs American Culture

German designers were leaders of modern product design, with the Bauhaus designers like Mies van der Rohe, and Dieter Rams of Braun being essential.[36]

Germany is a leading country in the fashion industry. The German textile industry consisted of about 1,300 companies with more than 130,000 employees in 2010, which generated a revenue of 28 billion Euro. Almost 44 percent of the products are exported. The textile branch thus is the second largest producer of consumer goods after food production in the country.[37] Berlin is the center of young and creative fashion in Germany, prominently displayed at Berlin Fashion Week (twice a year). It also hosts Europe's largest fashion trade fair called Bread & Butter.

Munich, Hamburg and Düsseldorf are also important design and production hubs of the German fashion industry, among smaller towns.[38] Renowned fashion designers from Germany include Karl Lagerfeld, Jil Sander, Wolfgang Joop, Philipp Plein and Michael Michalsky. Important brands include Hugo Boss, Escada and Triumph, as well as special outfitters like Adidas, PUMA and Jack Wolfskin. The German supermodelsClaudia Schiffer, Heidi Klum, Tatjana Patitz and Nadja Auermann came to global fame.[39]

Cuisine[edit]

A Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (Black Forest cake)

German cuisine varies from region to region. The southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia, for instance, share a culinary culture with Switzerland and Austria. Pork, beef, and poultry are the main varieties of meat consumed in Germany; pork is the most popular.[40] Throughout all regions, meat is often eaten in sausage form. More than 1500 different types of sausage are produced in Germany. Organic food has gained a market share of around 3.0%, and this is predicted to increase further.[41]

A popular German saying has the meaning: 'Breakfast like an emperor, lunch like a king, and dine like a beggar.' Breakfast is usually a selection of breads and rolls with jam and honey or cold cuts and cheese, sometimes accompanied by a boiled egg. Cereals or muesli with milk or yoghurt is less common but widespread.[42] More than 300 types of bread are sold in bakery shops across the country.[43] Occasionally, more traditional and heartier Breakfasts, like the Bavarian 'Brotzeit' with Weisswurst, Sweet Mustard and Wheat beer, or the Bauernfrühstück are also popular.

A typical cheese and cold meat buffet served at private festivities

As a country with many immigrants, Germany has adopted many international dishes into its cuisine and daily eating habits. Italian dishes like pizza and pasta, Turkish and Arab dishes like döner kebab and falafel, are well established, especially in bigger cities. International burger chains, as well as Chinese and Greek restaurants, are widespread. Indian, Thai, Japanese, and other Asian cuisines have gained popularity in recent decades.Among high-profile restaurants in Germany, the Michelin guide has awarded nine restaurants three stars, the highest designation, while 15 more received two stars.[44] German restaurants have become the world's second most decorated eateries after France.[45]

Yahoo German Site

Although German wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, the national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person is declining but—at 116 litres annually—it is still among the highest in the world.[46] Beer varieties include Alt, Bock, Dunkel, Kölsch, Lager, Malzbier, Pils, and Weizenbier. Among 18 surveyed western countries, Germany ranked 14th in the list of per capita consumption of soft drinks in general, while it ranked third in the consumption of fruit juices.[47] Furthermore, carbonated mineral water and Schorle (its mixture with fruit juice or wine) are very popular in Germany.

Gaming[edit]

Germany is filled with inventors of board games, also known as Eurogames, that are played around the world. Popular games include The Settlers of Catan, which features hexagonal resource tiles that generate resources according to the roll of two dice, and Carcassonne with its randomly drawn square tiles that eventually make a medieval map and its notability for its meeples. The fervor for new games continued with Puerto Rico, Ticket to Ride, and Alhambra. In 2008, Germany imported the popular card game Dominion from the US. Today, Germany publishes more board games than any other country per capita.[48]

World War 2 German Aircraft

The German video gaming market is one of the largest in the world.[49] The Gamescom in Cologne is the world's leading gaming convention.[50] Popular game series from Germany include Turrican, the Anno series, The Settlers series, the Gothic series, SpellForce, the X series, the FIFA Manager series, Far Cry and Crysis. The most relevant game developers and publishers are Blue Byte, Crytek, Deck13, Deep Silver, Daedalic Entertainment, Egosoft, Kalypso Media, Koch Media, Piranha Bytes, Related Designs and Yager Development. Bigpoint, Gameforge, Goodgame, Quake III Arena / Defrag and Wooga are leading developers of online and social games.[51]

Sport[edit]

Site
Michael Schumacher has won seven Formula One championships

Sport forms an integral part of German life. 27,000,000 Germans are members of a sports club and an additional 12,000,000 pursue such an activity individually.[52]Association football is the most popular sport. With more than 6,300,000 official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide.[52] The Bundesliga attracts the second-highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world. The German national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990 and 2014 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany has hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1988. Amongst the most successful and renowned footballers are: Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Jürgen Klinsmann, Lothar Matthäus, and Oliver Kahn. Other popular spectator sports include handball, volleyball, basketball, ice hockey, and tennis.[52]

The Allianz Arena is home to the football club Bayern Munich and was a venue for the 2006 FIFA World Cup

Germany is one of the leading motorsports countries in the world. Race-winning cars, teams and drivers have come from Germany. The most successful Formula One driver in history, Michael Schumacher, has set many significant motorsport records during his career, having won more Formula One World Drivers' Championships and more Formula One races than any other driver since Formula One's debut season in 1950. He is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history and became a billionaire athlete.[53] Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are among the leading manufacturers in motorsport. Additionally, Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans, a prestigious annual endurance race held in France, 16 times, and Audi has won it 9 times. The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters is a popular series in Germany.

World War 2 German Uniforms

Historically, German sportsmen have been some of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count, combining East and West German medals. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, Germany finished fifth in the medal count,[54] while in the 2006 Winter Olympics they finished first.[55]Germany has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice, in Berlin in 1936 and in Munich in 1972. The Winter Olympic Games took place in Germany once in 1936 when they were staged in the Bavarian twin towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen.

Society[edit]

Cultural map of the world according to the World Values Survey, describing Germany as high in 'Rational-Secular Values' and low in 'Self-expression values'.

Germany is a modern, advanced society, shaped by a plurality of lifestyles and regional identities.[56] The country has established a high level of gender equality, promotes disability rights, and is legally and socially tolerant towards homosexuals. Gays and lesbians can legally adopt their partner's biological children, and same-sex marriage has been permitted since 2017.[57] The former Foreign minister Guido Westerwelle and the former mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, are openly gay.[58]

During the last decade of the twentieth century, Germany's attitude towards immigrants changed. Until the mid-1990s, the opinion was widespread that Germany was not a country of immigration, even though about 20% of the population were of non-German origin. Today the government and a majority of the German society are acknowledging that immigrants from diverse ethnocultural backgrounds are part of German society and that controlled immigration should be initiated based on qualification standards.[59]

Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed.[60] In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010.[61] Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view.[62][63]

With an expenditure of €67,000,000,000 on international travel in 2008, Germans spent more money on travel than any other country. The most visited destinations were Spain, Italy and Austria.[64]

Gallery[edit]

  • The Oktoberfest in Munich is the world's largest fair

  • Christmas market in Thuringia

  • Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart

  • Old Town of Regensburg (UNESCO world heritage)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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